Cultivation of Ginger
Ginger Cultivation Techniques. Ginger (Zingiber officinale ), is a rhizome plants are very popular as a spice and medicinal materials. Rhizome shaped fingers bulging in the middle sections. The dominant taste spicy due to ketones named zingeron.
Ginger plant has been known as a medicinal and warmers. Ginger is a medicinal plant in the form of quasi-trunked clump. Ginger is included in the rate-finding meeting (Zingiberaceae), a family with other like-finding meeting buffoonery
(Cucuma xanthorrizha), black meeting (Curcuma aeruginosa), turmeric (Curcuma domestica), kencur (Kaempferia galanga), galangal (Languas galanga) and others. For those of you who want to try ginger farming both in large and small scale, the following is a way Cultivation of plants Ginger is complete.
1. A BRIEF HISTORY
Ginger comes from the Asia Pacific region which spread from India to China. Therefore both this nation touted as the first nation that utilizes mainly as an ingredient ginger beverages, spices and traditional medicines.
Name area of ginger include ginger (Aceh), beeuing (Gayo), bahing (Batak Karo), sipodeh (Minangkabau), jahi (Lampung), ginger (Sunda), jae (Java and Bali), jhai (Madura), Melito ( Gorontalo), GERAKA (Ternate), etc.
2. DESCRIPTION OF GINGER PLANT
2.1 Classification
- Division: Spermatophyta
- Sub-divisions: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledoneae
- Order: zingiberales
- Family: Zingiberaceae
- Genus: Zingiber
- Species: Zingiber officinale
2.2 Description.
Terna trunked false, height 30 cm to 1 m, the rhizome when cut yellow or orange. The leaves are narrow, length 15-23 mm, width of 8-15 mm; petiole hairy, long 2-4 mm; aloe leaf elongated shape, length 7.5 to 10 mm, and not hairy; sheath bit hairy. Inflorescence a panicle protruding land, egg-shaped rod or round the narrow, 2.75 to 3 times the width, very sharp; panicle length from 3.5 to 5 cm, a width of 1.5 to 1.75 cm; almost hairless peduncle, 25 cm long, hairy rahis rare; scales on the handle are 5-7 pieces, lancet-shaped, adjacent or meetings, nearly hairless, the length scales of 3-5 cm; bract inverted egg-shaped round, rounded at the ends, not fluffy, bright green, length 2.5 cm, width of 1 to 1.75 cm; corolla tubular 2 to 2.5 cm, strands rather narrow, sharp-shaped, yellow-green, long 1,5 - 2,5 mm, width of 3 - 3.5 mm, lips purple, dark, mottled color yellowish white, length 12-15 mm; purple anthers, length of 9 mm; pistil stalk 2
2.3 Types of Crops
Ginger can be divided into three types based on size, shape and color of the rhizome. Commonly known three varieties of ginger, namely:
Ginger white / yellow big or also known as ginger or ginger rhino: Rimpangnya bigger and fatter, more bulging rhizome segments from the two other varieties. This ginger species bias current is consumed both young and old old age, either as fresh ginger or ginger preparations.
Ginger white / yellow small or also called sunti ginger or ginger: root small, slightly flat to slightly bulging. Ginger is always harvested after old age. Content of volatile oils is greater than the ginger, so the taste is more spicy, in addition to high fiber. Ginger is suitable for herbs, or For extract oleoresin and essential oil.
Red Ginger: Rhizome red and smaller than the small white ginger. just as little ginger, red ginger always harvested after the old, and also contains the same essential oil with a little ginger, thus suitable for herbs.
3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
Ginger can be used as seasoning, flavor concentrates and flavor to foods such as bread, cakes, biscuits, confectionery and beverages. Ginger can also be used in the drug industry, perfume, traditional herbal medicine industry, processed into pickled ginger, made pickles, salad, bandrek, sekoteng and syrup.
Today farmers use chili ginger as a natural pesticide. In trading ginger sold in fresh form, dried, powdered ginger and preserved ginger. Besides, there are processed ginger such as:
Koresin astiri oil obtained by distillation which is useful as mixing ingredients in alcoholic beverages, ice cream, a mixture of sausage and others.
The benefits are pharmakologi among others, as a carminative (laxative fart), anti-vomiting, relief of spasms, anti-hardening of the blood vessels, laxative sweat, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and parasitic, anti-pyretic, anti-rheumatic, and stimulate spending gastric juice and bile ,
4. INVESTMENT CENTER
There is throughout Indonesia, grown in the garden and in the yard. At this time ginger has been widely cultivated in Australia, Sri Lanka, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan. Ginger from Jamaica has the highest quality, while India is the country's largest producer of ginger, ie more than 50% of the total world production of ginger.
5. TERMS OF GROWTH
Climate
Ginger plants require relatively high rainfall, which is between 2500-4000 mm / year.
At the age of 2.5 to 7 months or so of ginger plants need sunlight. In other words ginger planting is done in an open place so it gets the sun all day.
For optimum air temperature ginger cultivation between 20-35 ° C.
Growing media
Ginger plant is best suited planted in the soil fertile, loose and many containing humus.
That good soil texture is sandy loam, sandy clay and soil laterik. Ginger plants can be grown on soil acidity (pH) of approximately 4.3 to 7.4. But the soil acidity (pH) For optimum ginger is from 6.8 to 7.0.
altitude
Ginger grows well in tropical and subtropical regions with an altitude of 0-2000 m above sea ..
In Indonesia are planted at an altitude of 200-600 m above sea level.
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
6.1. Nurseries Ginger
Ginger Seed requirements: quality seeds are seeds that meet the quality requirements of genetic, physiological quality (a growing percentage of eminence), and physical quality. who referred to the physical quality of the seeds that are free of pests and diseases. Therefore, the criteria that must be met include:
Seed material is taken directly from the garden (instead of the market).
Selected materials from plant seeds that are old (aged 9-10 months).
Also been distinguished from healthy plants and rhizomes do not hurt the skin or blisters.
Seed Seeding Technique: For the growth of plants that simultaneously or uniformly, seedlings should not be planted immediately should first germinated. The planting can be done with a wooden crate or bed.
Seeding in wooden crates: freshly harvested ginger rhizome which is dried while (not dry), then stored about 1-1.5 months. Break the rhizomes by hand, in which each piece has 3-5 buds and dried over 1 / 2-1 day.
Further cuts will be the seeds are packed into sacks beranyaman rarely, and then dipped in a solution of fungicide and plant growth regulator about 1 minute, then drain. After it is put into wooden crates. Do the seeding with a wooden crate as follows: at the bottom of the wooden coffin will be placed seed layer, then topped with ash or rice hulls, and so on so that the top is rice husk ash or such. After 2-4 weeks, ginger seed has been sown.
Seeding on the bed: Create a simple seeding house measures 10 x 8 m to plant seeds 1 ton (needs ginger 1 ha). Inside the seeding house made beds of hay as thick as 10 cm. Rhizomes will seedlings are arranged on beds of straw and hay were closed, and topped by rhizomes and given straw anyway, and so on, so we get a 4-layer arrangement rhizome with the top in the form of straw.
Seed treatment on the bed to do with watering every day and occasionally sprayed with fungicide. After 2 weeks, usually rhizome sprout leaves. When the seedlings have sprouted seeds not to be drawn rendah..Bibit quality selection results were broken for break by hand and each piece has 3-5 buds and weighs 40-60 grams.
Ginger Seed Preparation: Before planting, the seeds should be freed from the threat of disease by means of seeds were put into sacks and dipped in a fungicide solution for about 8 hours. Then the seed dried for 2-4 hours, then planted.
6.2. Media Processing Plant
Ground Preparation: To obtain optimal yields which must be considered the conditions required to grow ginger plants. When the acidity of the soil that does not fit into the soil acidity requisite ginger plant, it must be increased or decreased acidity with lime.
Clearing Processing begins with plowed soil depth of less than 30 cm with the main goal of getting that loose soil conditions or crumb and clear the vegetation. After the land is left 2-4 weeks for toxic gases to evaporate and seedling diseases and pests will die in the sun. If at first soil tillage felt not too loose, it can be done tillage which both about 2-3 weeks before planting and also given a dose of manure 1500-2500 kg.
Formation Beds: In areas that ugly soil water conditions and simultaneously overcome or prevent the occurrence of waterlogging, soil should be processed into beds-size beds ith height 20-30 cm, width 80-100 cm, while anjangnya adapted to land conditions.
Liming: In soil with a low pH, most of the nutrients in it, especially phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) are not available or difficult to absorb. This acidic soil conditions that can be the media development of some disease-causing fungus Fusarium sp and sp pythium. Liming also serves to add the element potassium is indispensable that the plants harden For woody parts of plants which, stimulates the formation of root hairs, strengthens the cell walls of the fruit and stimulate the formation of seeds.
- The degree of acidity <4 (most acidic): needs dolomite> 10 ton / ha.
- 5 degree of acidity (acid): dolomite needs 5.5 tonnes / ha.
- The degree of acidity 6 (slightly acidic): dolomite needs 0.8 tonnes / ha.
6.3. Planting techniques Ginger.
Crop Pattern Determination: The cultivation of ginger in mono culture on a particular area is considered quite rational, because it can provide high-production and production. But in the area, cultivation of ginger in mono culture less acceptable because they always result in losses. Planting ginger inter cropped with other plants have advantages as follows:
Reduce losses attributable price fluctuations.
Reduce the cost of labor, such as: power plant maintenance work.
Improving land productivity.
Improved physical properties and preserve the land due to low growth of weeds (weeds). Practice in the field, there is ginger that inter cropped with vegetables, such as cucumbers, onion, chili, beans and others. There is also a distinguished inter cropped with food crops, such as corn, peanuts and some other beans.
Hole Make Planting: to avoid the growth of ginger unsightly, because the groundwater conditions is bad, then the soil should be processed into beds-beds. Next create small holes or grooves 3 to 7.5 cm deep to plant the seeds.
Planting Method: How the planting is done by attaching seed rhizomes in fall into the planting hole or groove that had been prepared.
Period Planting: Planting ginger should be done at the beginning of the rainy season around September and October. This is possible because the young plants will need enough water Utk growth.
6.4. Plant maintenance
Stitching: Approximately 2-3 weeks after planting, should be held to see the rhizomes who die. If so should be implemented immediately in order to seed growth embroidery stitching was not far behind with other plants, then you should have that kind of seed rhizomes and correct maintenance.
Weeding: Weeding is done when the plant first 2-4 weeks old ginger followed 3-6 weeks. Depending on the condition of vegetation that grows. But after a 6-7 month old ginger, weeding should be done again, because at that age started great ..
Fertilization: Fertilization Organic: At that organic farming does not use chemicals, including fertilizers and drugs, then the organic fertilizer by using organic compost or manure to be more frequent compared to when we use artificial fertilizers. This provision of organic compost is done at the start of planting at the time of making the mounds as basal fertilizer as much as 60-80 tonnes per hectare which is stocked and mixed land preparations.
To save the use of compost can also be done by way of filling each planting hole at the beginning of the planting of 0.5 - 1kg per plant. Fertilizer insertion is then performed at the age of 2-3 months, 4-6 months and 8-10 months. The doses of fertilizer inserts as much as 2-3 kg per plant. Giving compost is usually done after weeding activities and in conjunction with activities.
Conventional fertilization: In addition to the basic fertilizer (at the beginning of the planting), ginger plants need to be given a second supplementary fertilizer (at 2-4 months old plants). Fertilizer use is the basis of organic fertilizer 15-20 tons / ha. Fertilization used the second phase of manure and fertilizers (urea 20 grams / tree; TSP 10 grams / tree; and ZK 10 grams / tree), and K2O (112 kg / ha) on the plant that is 4 months old. Fertilization is also done with nitrogen fertilizer (60 kg / ha), P2O5 (50 kg / ha) and K2O (75 kg / ha).
P fertilizer is given at the beginning of planting, fertilizer N and K are given at the beginning of the planting (1/3 dose) and the rest (2/3 dose) given at the time the plants are 2 months old and 4 months. Fertilizer given by dispersed evenly around the plant or in the form of a groove and planted on the sidelines of the plant.
Irrigation and Watering: Ginger Plants that do not require too much water For growth, but at the beginning of the planting season planting cultivated at the beginning of the rainy season around September;
Pesticide Spraying Time: Pesticide spraying should be done from time D for sowing seed storage and during maintenance. Spraying pesticides on the maintenance phase is usually mixed with a liquid organic fertilizer or vitamins that promote the growth of ginger.
7. PEST AND DISEASE
7.1. Ginger Plant Pests
Pests that found in ginger plants are:
Ladybug, attacking the leaves of the plant until the holes.
Caterpillars bow roots, attack the root of the ginger plant until the cause of the ginger plant to become dry and die. Beetle.
7.2. Ginger Plant Diseases
Bakery wilt disease
Symptoms: At first, the bottom of the leaf blade folding and rolling then the color changes from green to yellow and dry up. Then shoots the stem to rot and eventually the plant will die. When observed, rhizomes sick was dark and slightly decayed, if rhizome cut will come out milky white mucus until browned. The disease attacks the ginger plant in 3-4 months and that the most influential factor is the temperature of air that is cold, water logging and soil conditions that are too moist.
Control: Health insurance ginger seed;
ginger plant quarantine mouth disease;
control and tillage fine day;
control fungicide Dithane M-45 (0.25%), Bavistin (0.25%).
Rhizome rot disease
The disease can go into seed ginger rhizome through the wound. He will grow well at temperatures 20-25 degrees C and continue to grow eventually cause the rhizomes to rot.
Symptoms: Leaves the bottom that turn yellow and eventually wilt and die plants.
Control:
The use of healthy seedlings mouth;
Application of cropping patterns which is good;
The use of fungicides.
Leaf spot disease
The disease can be spread by the wind, will enter through cuts or no cuts.
Symptoms: In reply leaf spots measuring 3-5 mm, then the patches were gray in the center, there are black spots, while the edges of wet rot. Plants that attacked would die.
Control: both precaution and spraying leaf spot disease as well as the ways that are described above.
7.3. weed
Potential weeds in cropping buffoonery is a weed garden, among others sedges, reeds, ageratum, and other broad-leaved weeds.
7.4. Control of pests / diseases organically
In organic farming that does not use hazardous chemicals but with ingredients that are usually done in an environmentally friendly integrated start cropping to avoid pests and diseases are familiar with IPM (Integrated Pest Management) which components are as follows:
Ensuring healthy plant growth which is choosing a healthy quality seeds that are free of pests and diseases and pests resistant to attack from the start cropping.
Utilizing as much as possible the natural enemies.
Using improved varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases.
Using physical control / mechanics ie by human power.
Using the techniques of cultivating that good example by choosing intercropping cultivation of crops which support each other, and rotation of crops in each cropping period cycle to cut their potential spread of pests and diseases.
The use of pesticides, insecticides, natural herbicide that is environmentally friendly and does not cause any toxic residues both on the plant material harvested ma mouth or on the ground. Besides, the use of this material only in emergencies based on the level of economic damage which was obtained from observations.
Some plants that can be used as a vegetable and used pesticide in pest control include:
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that contains nicotine For a contact insecticide fumigant or stomach poison. Apps for such small insects Aphids.
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) containing pyrethrin, which can be used as a systemic insecticide that attacks the nerve center of that application by spray. Applications in insects such as houseflies, mosquitoes, fleas, pest warehouse, and fruit flies.
Tuba (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis) containing rotenone For contact insecticide that is formulated in the form of blowing and spray.
Neem tree or neem (Azadirachta indica) containing azadirachtin which works quite selective. Applications are particularly toxic to insects such as leafhoppers and insect pests chewers like leaf roller (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). This material is also effective for tackling the virus attacks RSV, GSV and Tungro.
Jicama (Pachyrrhizus erosus) that its seeds contain rotenoid ie pakhirizida which can be used as insecticides and larvicides.
Jeringau (Acorus Calamus) that contains the main components asaron rhizomes and is usually used for poison insects and fungi exterminator and pest Callosobrocus warehouse.
8. HARVEST
Traits - traits and Ginger Harvest: Harvesting is done depends on the use of ginger itself. For when it needs food seasonings, then the ginger crop can be planted at the age of approximately 4 months by breaking some of the rhizome and the rest is left up to parents. If ginger ginger For marketed then harvested after quite old.
Age ginger plants that can be harvested between 10-12 months, with the characteristic color of the leaves change from green to yellow and stem all dried up. Eg elephant ginger plants will dry at the age of 8 months and will last for 15 days or more.
How to Harvest: How to harvest excellence, soil carefully unloaded using a fork or hoe, sought not to hurt the ginger rhizome. Furthermore, soil and other debris that sticks to the rhizomes are cleaned and washed when necessary. After that dried ginger on the board or banana leaves for about 1 week. Storage areas should be open, not humid and not too high accumulation but rather dispersed.
Harvest Period: The time of harvest should be done before the rainy season, between the months of June to August. When the harvest is usually marked by the top soil dries. However, if it is not time to be harvested during the dry season the first year of this should be done in the dry season next year. Harvesting during the rainy season caused damage to the rhizome and degrade the quality of the rhizomes in connection with lower active ingredients as more water content.
Estimates of Crop Production For clones fresh ginger rhizome elephants ranged from 15-25 tonnes / hectare, whereas clones For ginger or ginger sunti ranged between 10-15 tonnes / hectare.
9. Post harvest
Wet Sorting and Washing: Sorting on fresh ingredients made to separate the rhizomes of impurities such as soil, crop residues and weeds. Once completed, weigh the amount of material sorting results and place in plastic containers For laundering. Washing is done with clean water, if necessary sprayed with high pressure water.
Usually water and if it still looks dirty doing rinsing once or twice more. Avoid washing mouth for too long so that the quality and the active compound contained in the reply does not dissolve in water. Use of river water should be avoided because they feared had been contaminated with dirt and a lot of bacteria / disease. After washing is completed, drain the tray / container which hole so that the rest of the wash water left behind can be separated, after it was placed in a plastic container / pail.
intersection: If necessary intersection process, done with stainless steel blades and a cover material that will be shredded with a cutting board. intersection rhizome done across a thickness of about 5 mm - 7 mm. After
intersection, weigh the results and put it in a plastic container / pail. intersection can be done manually or with the mower.
Drying: Drying can be done in two ways, namely by sunlight or a heater / oven. rhizome drying conducted over 3-5 days, or after the water level is below 8%. drying in the sun done on a mat or frame dryer, make sure the rhizomes are not overlapped. During the drying must be inverted approximately every
4 hours so that drying evenly. Protect the rhizome of the water, the air that is moist and from the surrounding material that could contaminate. Drying in the oven at 50 ° C - 60 ° C. The dried rhizome that will be placed on an oven tray and make sure that the rhizomes are not overlapped. After drying, weigh the amount of rhizome that is generated.
Dry Sorting: Further sorting is done on dry material which has been dried by separating the materials from foreign objects such as gravel, soil or other impurities. Weigh the amount of rhizome sorting results (to calculate the yield).
Packaging: Once clean, dry mouth rhizomes collected in plastic bags or sacks containers that are clean and airtight (has not been used before). Give a clear label on the container, which explains the name of the material, part of the plant material, the numbers / production code, name / address of the producer, net weight and storage methods.
Storage: Storage conditions must be maintained to avoid damp and the temperature did not exceed 30 ° C and the warehouse should have good ventilation and smoothly, no leaks, avoid contamination of other materials which degrade the quality of materials horse's mouth, lit elbow (avoid direct sunlight ), as well as clean and free of pests warehouse.